
California has a humane education law on the books under the Education Code. It was
passed in 1965 and reads:
"Each teacher shall endeavor to impress upon the minds of the pupils the principles
of morality, truth, justice, patriotism, and a true comprehension of the rights, duties,
and dignity of American citizenship, and the meaning of equality and human dignity,
including the promotion of harmonious relations, kindness toward domestic pets and the
humane treatment of living creatures, to
teach them to avoid idleness, profanity, and falsehood, and to instruct them in manners
and morals and the principles of a free government. Each teacher is also encouraged to
create and foster an environment that encourages pupils to realize their full potential
and that is free from discriminatory attitudes, practices, events, or activities, in order
to prevent acts of hate violence, as defined in subdivision (e) of Section 33032.5."
The Californian law is not nearly as specific as the NY law .
In the late 1800's Henry Bergh (ASPCA) was very aware of the need for humane education. In
1947 NYS legislated for humane education to be included in the curriculum or schools
weren't supposed to get public funding. This law was never implemented but the schools get
funding.
This is what the law says:
Section 809. (Consolidated Laws of New York-Education Law)
Instruction in the humane treatment of Animals and Birds.
The officer, board or commission authorized or required to prescribe courses of
instruction shall cause instruction to be given in every elementary school under state
control or supported wholly or partly by public money of the state, in the humane
treatment
and protection of animals and birds and the importance of the part they play in the
economy of nature as well as the necessity of controlling the proliferation of animals which are subsequently abandoned and caused to
suffer extreme cruelty. Such instruction shall be for such period of time during
each school year as the board of regents may prescribe and may be joined with work in
literature, reading, language, nature study or ethnology. Such weekly instruction may be
divided into two or more periods. A school district shall not be entitled to participate
in the public school money on account of any school or the attendance at any school
subject to the provisions of this section, if the instruction required hereby is not given
therein.
As amended L 1976, c. 138, Section 1 1976 Amendment. L 1976, c. 138. Section 1,
eff. Sept. 1, 1976.
In the sentence beginning The officer added as well as the necessity of
controlling the proliferation of animals which are subsequently abandoned and caused to
suffer extreme cruelty.
A separate (undated) hand written note mentions an additional amendment that
included junior high and high school (in addition to elementary school).
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The following article appears in English Today, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2003),
Cambridge University Press
English and Speciesism
Joan Dunayer
Standard English usage perpetuates speciesism, which is the failure to
accord nonhuman animals equal consideration and respect. Like racism or
sexism, speciesism is a form of prejudice sustained in part by biased,
misleading words. However, whereas racist slurs rightly elicit censure,
people regularly use, and fail to notice, speciesist language. Unlike
sexist language, speciesist language remains socially acceptable even to
people who view themselves as progressive. Speciesism pervades our
language, from scholarly jargon to street slang. Considered in relation
to the plight of nonhuman beings, the words of feminist poet Adrienne
Rich express a terrible absolute: "This is the oppressor's language."
Speciesist usage denigrates or discounts nonhuman animals. For example,
terming nonhumans "it" erases their gender and groups them with
inanimate things. Referring to them as "something" (rather than
"someone") obliterates their sentience and individuality. Pure
speciesism leads people to call a brain-dead human "who" but a conscious
pig "that" or "which."
Current usage promotes a false dichotomy between humans and nonhumans.
Separate lexicons suggest opposite behaviours and attributes. We eat, but
other animals feed. A woman is pregnant or nurses her babies; a nonhuman
mammal gestates or lactates. A dead human is a corpse, a dead nonhuman a
carcass or meat.
Everyday speech denies human-nonhuman kinship. We aren't animals,
primates, or apes. When we do admit to being animals, we label other
animals "lower" or "subhuman." Dictionary definitions of man exaggerate
human uniqueness and present characteristics typical of humans (such as
verbal ability) as marks of superiority, especially superior intelligence.
Nonhuman-animal epithets insult humans by invoking contempt for other
species: rat, worm, viper, goose. The very word animal conveys
opprobrium. Human, in contrast, signifies everything worthy. Like the
remark that a woman has "the mind of a man," the comment that a nonhuman
is "almost human" is assumed to be praise. Both condescend.
While boasting of "human kindness," our species treats nonhumans with
extreme injustice and cruelty. Directly or indirectly, most humans
routinely participate in needless harm to other animals, especially
their captivity and slaughter. Whereas true vegetarianism (veganism)
promotes human health and longevity, consumption of animal-derived food
correlates with life-threatening conditions such as heart disease,
cancer, and hardening of the arteries. Still, our language suggests that
humans must eat products from nonhuman bodies. As if we possessed a
carnivore's teeth and digestive tract, thoughtless cliché places us "at
the top of the food chain."
To speciesists, needless killing is murder only if the victim is human.
In animal "farming" and numerous other forms of institutionalized
speciesism, nonhuman animals literally are slaves: they're held in
servitude as property. But few people speak of nonhuman "enslavement."
Many who readily condemn human victimization as "heinous" or "evil"
regard moralistic language as sensational or overly emotional when it is
applied to atrocities against nonhumans. They prefer to couch nonhuman
exploitation and murder in culinary, recreational, or other
nonmoralistic terms. That way they avoid acknowledging immorality. Among
others, Nazi vivisectors used the quantitative language of
experimentation for human, as well as nonhuman, vivisection.
Slaveholders have used the economic language of farming for nonhuman and
human enslavement. Why is such morally detached language considered
offensive and grotesque only with regard to the human victims?
The media rarely acknowledge nonhuman suffering. Only human misfortune
garners strong words like tragic and terrible. When thousands of U.S.
cattle, left in the blazing sun on parched land, die from heat and lack
of water, reporters note the losses "suffered" by their enslavers.
Belittling words minimize nonhuman suffering and death. As expressed in
a New York magazine caption, antivivisectionists "oppose testing on any
creature-even a mouse." The word even ranks a mouse below humans in
sensitivity and importance. There's no reason to believe that mice
experience deprivation and pain less sharply than we do or value their
lives less, but our language removes them from moral consideration. Who
cares if millions of mice and rats are vivisected each year? They're
"only rodents." What does it matter if billions of chickens live in
misery until they die in pain and fear? They're "just chickens."
In speciesism's fictitious world, nonhumans willingly participate in
their own victimization. They "give" their lives in vivisection and the
food industry.
Further belying victimization, the language of speciesist exploitation
renders living animals mindless and lifeless. They're "crops," "stock,"
hunting "trophies," and vivisection "tools."
Category labels born of exploitation imply that nonhuman beings exist
for our use. Furbearer tags a nonhuman person a potential pelt. Circus
animal suggests some natural category containing hoop-jumping tigers and
dancing bears, nonhumans of a "circus" type. The verbal trick makes
deprivation and coercion disappear.
Evil gathers euphemisms. Over millennia, speciesism has compiled a hefty
volume. Wildlife management sanctions the bureaucratized killing of
free-living nonhumans. Leather and pork serve as comfortable code for
skin and flesh. Domestication softens captivity, subjugation, and forced
breeding.
Positive words glamorize humans' ruthless genetic manipulation of other
species. Horses inbred for racing are "thoroughbreds." However afflicted
with disabilities, dogs inbred for human pleasure and use are
"purebreds," while the fittest mixed-breed dogs are "mongrels" and
"mutts."
With complimentary self-description, humans exonerate themselves of
wrongdoing. Food-industry enslavement and slaughter cause suffering and
death of colossal magnitude. Yet, consumers of flesh, eggs, and nonhuman
milk count themselves among "animal lovers."
Currently, misleading language legitimizes and conceals the
institutionalized abuse of nonhuman animals. With honest, unbiased
words, we can grant them the freedom and respect that are rightfully
theirs.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Joan Dunayer is a writer whose publications include articles on language
and animal rights. Her work has appeared in journals, magazines, college
English textbooks, and anthologies. A former college English instructor,
she has master's degrees in English education, English literature, and
psychology. She is the author of Animal Equality: Language and
Liberation (Derwood, Maryland: Ryce Publishing, 2001), the first book on
speciesism and language.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MORE ON WRONG LANGUAGE
In the bad old days reference to Blacks/women/Jews/others were in negative
language which perpetuated poor treatment/ abuse/ exploitation of these people.
Animals have suffered more from negative language stereotyping than all the
others, and demeans them so constantly that they created an environment that
allows all sorts of cruelties, many too horrendous to describe! An animal is
"it" instead of he or she. "Which" or "that" instead of who, etc. this
perpetuates our view of them as "things" rather than individuals and is a major
first step towards cutting them up for meat and leather, testing
drugs/cosmetics/ household products on their bodies, and tearing off their
coats for furs!!! Those who have pets are referred to as "owners" rather than
guardians, reinforcing the idea that they are property much as slaves were
considered property. Let's avoid these references: Dirty rat; filthy pig; acting
like an ass; dirty dog; she's a bitch; ugly duckling; more than one way to skin
a cat; you're an animal; making a monkey out of someone; killing 2 birds with
one stone; working like a horse, you're chicken, treat someone like a dog, it
should happen to a dog ... Many more! Please think before uttering them and
tell others. Thank you! Arthur Goldberg (Veggie Singles News)
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