Essays on Circuses
1. In the wild, the average size of a home range territory for an elephant is 20 square miles. They travel many miles per day and their social bonds are very strong. It is typical for an adolescent female to accompany her mother at birth and afterward stay in close contact with the calf, while the mother is away. If a family member is sick, other members of the family will do anything in their power to try to raise or lift the sick elephant, propping him up with their feet or bracing him between several other family members. Elephants have also been seen mourning their dead, staying with them for hours, sometimes coming back every few days to check on the remains.
The elephants to which the general public have been exposed, in zoos, circuses, or travelling shows obviously experience radically different lifestyles than their wild counterparts. Many captive elephants live lives in small enclosures, chained and disciplined.
Wild elephants seldom have foot problems because they usually walk long distances. Captive elephants spend much of their time chained in place without sufficient leg motion to help circulation, which can lead to degenerative joint disease and other problems. Elephants travelling with circuses or shows are often forced to stand in their own excrement due to chaining. The urine causes rotting on the pads of their feet and urine burns on their legs. Other foot problems observed in captive elephants are foot rot, sole cracks, interdigital calluses, hoof overgrowth, cracked nails, infected cuticles, overworn soles, and puncture by foreign objects. These problems result from chronically wet, unsanitary conditions combined with inadequate exercise and wear.
In the wild, they walk for about the same amount of time as they spend in chains in captivity.
Some popular tools of "discipline" which are utilised in many elephant management programs and circuses are the bull hook, a sharp, pointed hook used for prodding to discourage undesired behaviour. This is embedded into the most sensitive areas of an elephant such as around the feet, behind the ears, under the chin, inside the mouth, and other areas around the face and the anus. Also used are martingales, metal rings attached to an elephant's tusks from which chains are fastened and then attached to chains around the front feet. Long chaining periods are used most commonly. Chains are attached to one or both front and back legs and sometimes around the neck, sometimes for 24 hours a day.
Elephants are jolted with electric currents and beaten with axe handles and metal pipes. Whipping is also excruciatingly painful to an elephant due to the extreme sensitivity of their skin.
Have you ever attended a circus and seen an elephant swaying or rocking back and forth? Such behaviour is extremely abnormal and is a reaction to stress and frustration. Elephants who are chained for long periods of time, isolated, or forced to perform, typically exhibit repetitive behaviour such as rocking, swaying, head bobbing, etc.
Viewing these signs is a good indication that an elephant is being mistreated or has not been given a proper environment in which to live. No one knows everything there is to know about elephants and why they react the way they do. All one can do is examine the facts, the circumstances, and comparative information on wild counterparts. The proof is there.
To this very day, elephants are still trained to walk the tightrope. I imagine it must be very difficult to get an elephant up onto the rope in the first place. One method employed by the Swiss national circus, Knie, was to beat the young elephant's legs repeatedly until they bled. Forcing elephants to give people rides, stand on their heads, walk tightropes, form pyramids and other unnatural acts in no way demonstrates their natural abilities or shows their intelligence and behaviours. There are no documented cases of elephants doing headstands in the wild.
Not all circuses and zoos are cruel, by any means. But either way, all of them are involved in presenting a spectacle that is completely outdated in its central concept. The idea that it is funny to see wild animals coerced into acting like stupid, clumsy humans, or thrilling to see powerful beasts reduced to cringing cowards by a whip-cracking trainer is primitive and medieval. Between the dates of July 1983 and October, 1996 I have 49 documented cases of human deaths and injuries which occurred because of a wild animal held captive to perform for our benefit. There are more, I'm sure, that just aren't documented.
Not only elephants suffer in these unfortunate situations. Why do you think a tiger, who is naturally afraid of fire, would jump through a flaming hoop? Because he is more afraid of what will happen to him if he doesn't jump than he is of the fire. Have you ever had your picture taken with a bear? Did the bear still have his teeth and claws? I would bet he didn't. I would also bet that he was chained. As these wild animals are forced into a life of suffering until they die, zoos and circuses are attacking animal rights organisations, blaming their problems on those who are opposed to animal abuse. They actually do not realise that what they are doing is wrong, and if they do realise it, they just don't care. I am an animal rights activist and all I am trying to do is speak up for those who can't speak for themselves.
- Danielle Dore-Hodgkins
Animal Allies
Rochester, New Hampshire
2. BRIGHT LIGHTS - THE DARKNESS BEHIND THEM
Compiled by HEAL (Humane Ethics for Animal Life) of Singapore from various material including that of PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals).
"It only takes one person to change your life - you."
- Ruth Casey
" The thinking man must oppose all cruel customs no matter how deeply rooted in tradition or surrounded by a halo. We need a boundless ethic which will include the animals also."
- Albert Schweitzer
Most of us see circus animals unchained and uncaged wearing colourful costumes under the glitter of the neon lights and with gay music surrounding them.
We do not see the animals caged and chained in darkness, denied sunshine and fresh air and FREEDOM .
The image that we know of is what circus promoters want us to believe because the circus would lose all its appeal if the truth was revealed. They will never admit to the following but you decide who you want to believe.
CAGES, CHAINS AND BROKEN SPIRITS
Imagine being locked up in your room with bare floors and walls with a few other people. Imagine there being no stereo, no TV, no books. Nothing. Except a window to look out from. Sometimes someone pushes you out and you have to force yourself to do the things the person wants of you although it hurts or you don't want to. After an hour you're pushed back into your prison.
Wild animals which are used to roaming over long distances and having much variety in their lives by seeking food, playing and socialising with their own kind are kept in captivity in circuses.
In circuses they are confined in cages or chained for up to 23 hours a day. Try to imagine yourself in this position for 5 minutes. If you cannot even do it for 5 minutes , can you imagine living such a life forever? Never to be able to walk free again?
WHAT IS CIRCHOSIS?
Circus animals display stereotypic behaviours like zoo animals such as pacing, bar biting, self-mutilation, head rolling, rocking, licking, neck twisting, vomiting, self-clutching and swaying from side to side. Many of us think that these are natural behaviours but they are not. These are signs of mental illness or madness according to animal behaviourists.
We may not be able to witness this during the performance as the animals are performing their routine.
LIVING CONDITIONS
The confinement over long periods and distances, the extremes in temperature change experienced with the constant moving, the noise, movement and lights all add to the fear and stress of the animals.
Water and food are irregularly given. Water is rationed to certain periods of the day so that the animals won't "mess up" the area.
WILDLIFE TRADE
Trappers themselves have estimated the in-transit mortality rate of animals caught from the wild is as high as 80%!The circus contributes to the international trade in exotic and endangered species.
Adult animals are slaughtered so that trappers can steal their young.
The international trade in animals rivals the drug trade - a baby gorilla can fetch up to $125,000.
THE ANIMALS WANT TO DO THESE TRICKS, DON'T THEY? I DON'T SEE ANY WHIPS...
During the performance the trainer can only use signals and not direct physical force.
The untrained animal must be taught to recognise the signals during the initial training period.
By baiting, luring, withholding of food, triggering of escape and aggression impulses or by direct physical force using whips, goads, spikes, heat, muzzles or electric prods, the animals are made to repeat the required movements until finally all that is needed is the relevant trigger.
Animals have their teeth or claws removed or drugged to make them manageable.
FEAR
Measurements of blood pressure and heart rate, ear and tail movements and other such indications give quite an accurate description of the circus animal's experience of fear.
When lions or tigers respond to the trainer's commands by slinking across the ring, close to the ground with their ears flattened and sometimes snarling loudly, one can understand this to be an indication of fear.
ELEPHANTS
Elephants are made to balance their tremendous weight on a tiny stool or balance on two feet.
"Elephant hooks" are used to control the animal by pulling behind the ear (which is a particularly sensitive area), pulling a leg forward or jabbing it (under the tongue for the sit up and beg position).
The elephant's hide is sensitive and the animal is quite conscious of even light jabs at certain areas of its body.
Elephants which normally walk miles a day, play, swim, socialise and eat with their herd are chained to the ground for up to 23 hours per day sometimes with no company of their own.
Elephants which love wallowing in the mud and submerging themselves in water are forced to stand in their own excrement in the circus, never able to enjoy these activities again.
THE GREAT CATS
Lions and tigers which normally would walk about 10 to 15 kilometres a day are also kept for up to 23 hours a day in cages which are so small that they can only pace around in boredom and frustration.
These animals which are usually clean are forced to eat, drink and defecate in the same cramped cage.
They are made to jump through flaming hoops although fire is instinctively feared by most animals.
- Leopards are chained to stools and prodded with steel forks while learning to hold up their front legs in a gesture of greeting.
BEARS
Bears commonly have their noses broken while being trained or have their paws burnt, for example, making them walk on hot plates to make them stand on their hind legs.
Many are kept in neck chains and usually muzzled. They often have chains or wires through their lips, cheeks and/or noses - these sometimes pull out leaving irregular flaps.
MONKEYS
Monkeys are sometimes kept in cages which are so small that they cannot stand up and have sometimes been driven to bite off one another's fingers.
THE SHOW
Acts which are physically uncomfortable, painful or frightening like bears balancing on balls, apes riding motorcycles, elephants crossing over tigers are forced upon the animals.
BUT AREN'T ANIMAL CIRCUSES EDUCATIONAL, ESPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN?
Yes! If you want children to learn to laugh and mock at the misery of animals and be taught violence and disrespect for other life-forms.
The children do not see the animals' natural behaviour patterns, intelligence, food gathering patterns, social interaction and other remarkable behaviour they exhibit in the wild.
All they see are animals performing unnatural tricks learnt under difficult and painful circumstances.
They learn that it is alright to force animals to do unnatural tricks, be forced to live in cages and chains, to be tortured and treated as nothing more than commodities.
WHAT ABOUT CONSERVATION?
Circuses strip the animals of their dignity, respect and natural beauty.
They are displayed as freaks. This view is directly opposed to the philosophy of conservation.
THEN WHERE WILL MY CHILD LEARN ABOUT ANIMALS AND NATURE?
They can be taken for nature walks and appreciate the wildlife in their natural habitats.
Visit Omnimax movies where the children and you will be able to experience an almost real-life experience of being near the world of animals in the wild where they are meant to be.
Watch wonderful wildlife and nature documentaries with your children, teaching them to appreciate and respect Nature.
IS THERE A HAPPY ENDING TO THE LIVES OF THESE ANIMALS?
No. When an animal can no longer perform reasonably well, it may be sold to other circuses, zoos, game farms (to be shot for "recreation" or for exotic meat), or laboratories where their lives continue with torture or boredom.
BANNING OF ANIMAL ACTS IN CIRCUSES
About 200 Local Authorities in UK have resolved not to let sites under their control to circuses containing animal acts.
Wild animal performances are banned in several municipalities in Canada, all of Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway.
Across Australia, 26 councils have banned animal circuses.
Animal circuses are also banned in many parts of Europe.
YOU CAN STOP THE SUFFERING NOW
Many circuses are coming to the East and claiming how their circus does nothing to harm the animals because they have been chased out of many countries in the West. They think, we, in the East, do not have much awareness of such issues.
YOU HAVE THE POWER TO SHOW THEM THAT YOU ARE AWARE AND THAT YOU CARE.
Write a polite letter to entertainment companies, asking them to bring in popular circuses such as the Cirque du Soleil, Circus Oz and the Pickle Family Circus which do not use animals but will dazzle you with talented and willing human performers.
Write a polite letter to the your relevant Government Department, asking for a ban on circuses with animals, explaining how you think your city can be more humane and green if it does so.
Write to the press and magazines, expressing your opposition to animal acts.
Educate your children on what the circus does to the animals.
Watch the wonderful TV documentaries on wildlife and borrow nature books.
If your workplace/school has enrichment programmes, you can put up displays about circus animals with your colleagues/friends.
If you are a student, you can do a project on circus animals and how they live, how small their cages are, how they are trained, how long they must travel etc.
3. THE CIRCUS IS COMING - HEAVEN OR HELL?
What marvels to behold by young and old, acrobats, high wire stunt men, clowns, all wonderful entertainment.
Then the wild animal acts. Fear and pain, that's the name of the game.
The types of training methods used by circus trainers can vary, but the hard truth is that no wild animal can be made to perform without extreme human domination and subjugation.
Most circus animals have been brutalised by their trainers at some point and perform either out of fear, or because their food, water or rest (or all three) have been withheld. Some performing animals are fed only after a satisfactory performance, and at no other time. Starve animals long enough and they are soon willing to do practically anything, just as a human being would.
It may be true that some animals can be trained quickly or easily without a lot of brutality. But after months on the road, when they stop acting like perfect puppets, the punishment sessions begin. While the forms of so-called "necessary discipline" are different for all animals, elephants and primates generally suffer the worst fate, being brutally beaten on a routine basis and deprived of food regularly. Other animals are hit, poked, prodded with electricity, jerked with choke collars, have their paws burned, their food withheld and their bodily orifices invaded.
All this in the name of entertainment. Fear and pain, that's the name of the game.
Some people question, "Why would anyone torture an animal that they were going to get into the ring with?" The answer is ugly but simple: because these brutal methods WORK.
No creature wants to be brutalised or hurt. Hence we see lions and tigers leaping through hoops of fire, elephants standing on their hind legs waltzing, and bears riding motorcycles in circles. Do the animals perform these amazing feats because they love to do it or because they trust their trainer and want to please him?
On the contrary, they perform these degrading and unnatural stunts in an attempt to avoid the unpleasant consequences.
Most circus animals are extremely social beings, yet every opportunity for social interaction is cut off from them. Elephants are kept restrained on chains 24 hours a day, except during the time they are performing or giving rides. Big cats are kept isolated in small transport cages, as are bears. Usually bears are kept muzzled, and frequently they are tied by a choke collar to a stand.
Primates are also isolated and forced to live in small transport cages, under lock and key, often inside trailers or buses, never seeing the light of day. And the smaller the circus, the more despicable the conditions and unreliable the care given to the animals.
BAD LESSON. When we take our children to the circus, we are in effect teaching them that some animals can be made to do some incredibly unnatural things simply because we want them to. And we're teaching the next generation that this type of tyrannical slave-master relationship with the natural world is acceptable.
On behalf of animals everywhere, educate your friends. When the circus comes to town, boycott it and all of the sponsors.
(Compiled by Mr Leon Spiegel)
4. THE NEWS
Hong Kong Standard
10 May 97
New costume prompted fatal attack
This week's fatal tiger attack follows that of Ngai Fong Chee, 59, on 14 December last year, shown here with a white tiger seconds before the animal pounced on her and bit her on the neck at a safari park in south Jakarta.
A CIRCUS trainer's bright new suit may have caused a Bengal tiger to attack him during a performance, a coroner said.
Wayne Franzen, founder of the Franzen Brothers Circus, died within minutes after suffering a punctured lung and neck wounds during Thursday's attack in Pennsylvania before an audience of 200 children and their families. Franzen was wearing the suit for only the second time, and James Zangaglia, chief deputy coroner for Cambria County, said the tiger apparently lunged at the costume. Witnesses said the animal, one of three in the cage, attacked Franzen when he turned his back, dragging him around the ring by the neck. ``We ran in there, and I was hitting the cat in the head with a pipe, but it was too late. He was already dead,'' son Brian Franzen said. The 50-year-old Franzen started the circus 24 years ago. A trapeze artist and a novelty seller quit after his death, leaving 13 employees. The afternoon show in central Pennsylvania was cancelled on Thursday but the night show was held, minus the tiger act. ``We have to take in money . . . to feed the animals,'' Brian Franzen said. The big cat, Lucca, will return to the show when an insurance company completes its investigation. - AP
NOTE:
This is not a rare occurrence. Numerous people have been injured or killed by circus animals around the world - REGULARLY FOR MORE THAN A HUNDRED YEARS. Think about the trauma faced by children and adults who watch such incidents. Is it necessary for them to go through that? The article also made me think about how accidents which affect human lives attract world-wide attention while the daily immense suffering of circus animals goes unnoticed. The image that we know of the circus is what circus promoters want us to believe because the circus would lose all its appeal if the truth was revealed. Imagine being locked up in your room with bare floors and walls with a few other people. Imagine there being no stereo, no TV, no books. Nothing. Except a window to look out from. Sometimes someone pushes you out and you have to force yourself to do the things the person wants of you although it hurts or you don't want to. After an hour you're pushed back into your prison.
Wild animals have their instinctual needs strangled. They cannot roam in freedom, seek food, play or socialise. In circuses they are confined in cages or chained for up to 23 hours a day. Try to imagine yourself in this position for 5 minutes. If you cannot even do it for 5 minutes , can you imagine living such a life forever? Never to be able to walk free again? Circus animals display stereotypic behaviours such as pacing, bar biting, self-mutilation, head rolling, neck twisting, vomiting, self-clutching and swaying from side to side. These are signs of mental illness or madness according to animal behaviourists.
The confinement over long periods and distances, the extremes in temperature change experienced with the constant moving, the noise, movement and lights all add to the fear and stress of the animals.
Animal circuses contribute to the international trade in exotic and endangered species. Adult animals are slaughtered so that trappers can steal their young.
During the performance, the trainer only uses signals and not direct physical force. By baiting, luring, withholding of food, or by direct physical force using whips, goads, spikes, heat, muzzles or electric prods, the animals are made to learn tricks until finally all that is needed is the relevant trigger during the performance.
Elephants which normally walk miles a day, play, swim, socialise and eat with their herd are chained to the ground for up to 23 hours per day in their own faeces sometimes with no company of their own. They are made to balance their tremendous weight on a tiny stool or balance on two feet and "elephant hooks" are used to control the animal by pulling behind the ear (which is a particularly sensitive area), pulling a leg forward or jabbing it. I HAVE EVEN SEEN AN ELEPHANT JABBED UNDER HER TONGUE WITH THE STEEL SPIKE TO MAKE HER TAKE THE "BEGGING" POSITION. I have also heard (hearsay, yes - but I believe it) of the bullhooks being used in the anus (very effective, I would think).
Lions and tigers which normally would walk about 10 to 15 kilometres a day are also kept for up to 23 hours a day in cages which are so small that they can only pace around in boredom and frustration. These animals which are usually clean are forced to eat, drink and defaecate in the same cramped cage. They are made to jump through flaming hoops although fire is instinctively feared by most animals and THEY are prodded with steel forks.
Bears commonly have their noses broken while being trained or have their paws burnt, for example, making them walk on hot plates to make them stand on their hind legs. Many are kept in neck chains and usually muzzled. Monkeys are sometimes kept in cages which are so small that they cannot stand up and have sometimes been driven to bite off THEIR OWN OR EACH OTHER'S fingers.
Acts which are physically uncomfortable, painful or frightening are forced upon the animals - FOR EXAMPLE, bears balancing on balls, apes riding motorcycles or elephants crossing over tigers.
I have heard of so many incidents like the one featured on 10 May 97 in The Straits Times entitled "Tiger kills trainer at circus as children watch in horror". People are being killed and injured for no reason. The animals also suffer but their suffering is hidden and ignored. I used to think circuses were great places for animals to be. How easily we can be brainwashed by good advertising! Here are 2 pieces of news that have stayed in my mind and heart for so long.
On September 17, 1994 in Lebanon, Oregon during a performance of the King Royal Circus, baby elephant, Mickey, refused to perform a trick and attempted to run away. Mickey's brutal beating made headlines. A spectator was quoted as saying, "I have never heard a scream in my life like the scream of that baby elephant. [He was] screaming and trying to crawl away on his hands and knees like a human being."
A Hudson News reporter who travelled with Ringling Bros. Circus reported, in an article dated Aug. 8, 1986, about one chimpanzee's "training": "Repeatedly, he was struck with a sturdy club. The thumps could be heard outside the arena building, and the screams further than that."
Maybe if we listen closely enough we can hear the screams of those who have suffered - animals and humans. Hopefully we will not shut our ears and turn away. How much more do we have to see and hear before learning that the use of animals in circuses is a really bad idea?
In 1994 in Hawaii, Tyke the elephant killed her trainer and injured dozens of others. She died after being shot 86 times. Was it her fault? Five days earlier, Elaine, another elephant with the same circus as Tyke pinned eight children and their parents under a fence that separated the first row of spectators from the circus rings. In July 1995, two elephants from Clyde Beatty-Cole Brothers' Circus stampeded in Queens, New York injuring twelve to fourteen people. THESE ARE JUST A FEW OF NUMEROUS EXAMPLES.
Think also about the trauma faced by children and adults who watch such incidents. Is it necessary for the victims and the onlookers to go through this?
Animal circuses contribute to the international trade in exotic and endangered species. Adult animals are slaughtered so that trappers can steal their young.
Wild animals have their instinctual needs strangled. They cannot roam in freedom, seek food, play or socialise. In circuses they are confined in cages or chained for up to 23 hours a day and trained through cruel means to perform tricks that are unnatural. Try to imagine yourself in this position for 5 minutes. If you cannot even do it for 5 minutes , can you imagine living such a life forever? Never to be able to walk free again?
By baiting, luring, withholding of food, or by direct physical force using whips, goads, spikes, heat, muzzles or electric prods, the animals are forced to learn tricks until finally all that is needed is the relevant trigger during the performance. Bears may have their paws broken, elephants may be poked with bull-hooks in sensitive areas and the big cats prodded with steel forks and many other animals brutally beaten. During the performance, the trainer only uses signals and not direct physical force so we don't see the ugly side of the circus. Acts which are physically uncomfortable, painful or frightening are forced upon the animals. For example, bears are made to balance on balls, apes made to ride motorcycles or tigers made to jump through fire which they fear instinctually.
Travelling in tiny and filthy beast wagons over long distances and experiencing extreme changes in temperature, the noise, movement and lights all increase frighten and stress the animals further.
Circus animals display many signs of mental illness such as pacing, bar biting, self-mutilation, vomiting, self-clutching and swaying from side to side. Monkeys are sometimes kept in cages which are so small that they cannot stand up and have sometimes been driven to bite off their own or each other's fingers.
Our children do not see the animals' natural behaviour patterns such as food gathering and social interaction. Instead they see freaks made of these majestic animals. They learn that it is alright to force animals to do unnatural tricks and to force them to live in cages and chains. Much better learning experiences about animals would be Omnimax movies, our nature parks and reserves and wonderful wildlife documentaries. This would nurture sensitive, intelligent, thinking children, not children who superficially laugh at crass and cruel animal tricks, not understanding the real picture.
The use of animals in entertainment already has been restricted or banned in many cities and countries, including Sweden, India, Finland, Canada, Switzerland, and Denmark. About 200 Local Authorities in UK have resolved not to let sites under their control to circuses containing animal acts. Across Australia, more than 20 councils have banned animal circuses. Coquitlam and Langley in British Columbia passed bans after a flaming hoop fell on a tiger during a circus performance.
Our children do not see the animals' natural behaviour patterns, intelligence, food gathering patterns, social interaction and THE other remarkable behaviour they exhibit in the wild. All they see are animals performing unnatural tricks learnt under difficult and painful circumstances. They learn that it is alright to force animals to do unnatural tricks, be forced to live in cages and chains, to be tortured and treated as nothing more than commodities. Children should be brought to Omnimax movies or nature parks and watch wildlife documentaries. This would nurture sensitive and intelligent children, not children who superficially laugh at crass and cruel animal tricks, not understanding the real picture.
Why can't we welcome wonderful all-human circuses like Cirque Du Soleil but ban animal circuses? Checks by the local authorities or SPCA when the circus is here are not relevant. The suffering of the animals is life-long and hidden. During the checks, the authorities don't see the training with punishment, the withholding of food, the constant travelling in beast wagons, or the very fact that having wild animals behind bars is cruel.
We talk so much about being an environmentally conscious society. Can we join many compassionate cities around the world and promote compassion?
In 1840, P.T. Barnum of the Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus was quoted as saying of circuses, "The time was ripe to fool the people; they were bored, uneducated and naive". Are we STILL?
5. INFORMATION ON WHY ANIMAL-BASED CIRCUSES SHOULD BE BANNED
ANIMAL WELFARE
Animal Defenders International
There are often accidents involving performing animals. These animals are unpredictable and can cause severe injury to people.
For inventories, see
Circuses.com > Public Safety > When Animals Attack > Big Cats
For example, elephants can spread tuberculosis to humans.
http://www.captiveanimals.org/elephants/eart2.htm
http://www.api4animals.org/doc.asp?ID=806
There is an increasing number of countries/cities banning circuses or wild animals in circuses around the world.
Esteemed conservationists such as Jane Goodall and David Suzuki and other experts have spoken out against animals in cricuses.
http://www.api4animals.org/doc.asp?ID=1056
Of course people should still have fun so we also provided names of animal-free circuses and we have seen quite a few in Singapore, including Cirque du Soleil and Flying Fruit Fly circus.
Further reading:
Fact Sheets
Three Rings of Abuse
Photos of Pepsi's support of Hanoi Circus
On to Circus 2
